ACTA

Association de Coordination Technique Agricole (extension service), France

AGROS

Agroscope Swiss Federal Research Station, Switzerland

AU

University of Aarhus, Denmark

Biological control

Controlling plants, diseases and animal pests using their natural enemies or, for example, inhibiting the reproduction of pests using methods that result in the laying of infertile eggs.

CGIAR

Consultative Group on International Agicultural Research. See www.cgiar.org for more details. You may come across the term CGIAR SP-IPM, which is shorthand for CGIAR's System-wide Programme on Integrated Pest Management.

CIRAD

Centre de coopération internationale en recherche pour le développement (Centre for Agricultural Research for Developing Countries)

Cisgenesis

Cisgenesis is the genetic modification of a recipient plant with a natural gene from a crossable (in other words sexually compatible) plant. Besides the technique of inserting the desired gene, it does not contain antibiotic resistance marker genes or strong promotors originating from unrelated organisms.

CNR

Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italy

Crop Protection Network (CPN)

Ensures links with scientists outside ENDURE, providing exchanges with permanent networks such as the IOBC and EWRS (see separate listings) and also ensures advances produced in other elevant EU projects are fully taken into account in ENDURE activities.

Crop rotation

The growing of different crops in succession on the same land.

Cultivar resistance

Using the resistance of a cultivar or variety to combat a pest. Improved cultivar resistance can be achieved using conventional breeding using crossing and selecting or using GMO techniques.

DAAS

Danish Agricultural Advisory Service

DSS

Decision support systems

EAB

ENDURE's External Advisory Board

EC

European Commission

ECPA

European Conference on Precision Agriculture

ECPLF

European Conference on Precision Livestock Farming

EFITA

European Federation for Information Technology in Agriculture, Food and the Environment

EIC

ENDURE Information Centre

EWRS

European Weed Research Society

GMO (genetically modified organism)

An organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. You may come across the terms transgenesis and cisgenesis (see above). These refer to the origin of the gene in question. Transgenesis uses a gene from an exogenous (unrelated) source while cisgenesis uses a gene from a crossable - sexually compatible - source.

IBMA

International Biocontrol Manufacturers Association

ICM (Integrated Crop Management)

Two useful definitions found in the UK may help clarify ICM. The Sustainable Development White Paper defines ICM thus: To provide an adequate supply of food and other products in an efficient manner. To minimise consumption of non-renewable and other resources. To safeguard the quality of soil, water and the air and to preserve, where feasible, biodiversity in the landscape . The British Agrochemical Association says: ICM is a method of farming that balances the requirements of running a profitable business with responsibility and sensitivity to the environment. It includes practices that avoid waste, enhance energy efficiency and minimise pollution. ICM combines the best of modern technology with some basic principles of good farming practice and is a whole-farm, long-term strategy .

IHAR

Plant Breeding and Acclimatisation Institute, Poland

IITA

International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. See www.iita.org for details.

INRA

Insitut National de la Recherche Agronomique (French National Instiute for Agricultural Research)

IOBC

International Organisation for Biological Control of Noxious Plants and Animals

IP

Intellectual Property

IPM

Integrated pest management (for a full explanation, see ENDURE's definition of IPM).

IWM (Integrated Weed Management)

IWM is a broad term covering many methods that can be combined and applied in various ways to constitute an IWM strategy. Essentially, IWM implies that weed control is not solely based on herbicides, but takes advantage of other non-chemical measures to control weeds. IWM mainly serves two purposes: to reduce herbicide inputs and to supplement herbicides that are insufficiently effective.

JKI

Julius Kühn Institute, Germany

LCA

Life cycle assessment

LEI

Agricultural Economic Research Institute, the Netherlands

MBCS

Maize-based cropping systems

NARS

National Agricultural Research System

NoE

Network of Excellence

Pesticide

A substance or mixture of substances used to kill a pest. Pests may include, among others, fungi (controlled with fungicides), weeds (controlled by herbicides) and insects (controlled by insecticides). Broad-spectrum pesticides are those that kill an array of species, while narrow-spectrum or selective pesticides kill only a small group of species.

Phytophera infestans

Late blight in potatoes (also affects tomatoes), the devastating disease largely responsible for the Irish potato famines of the 1840s. See ENDURE's Potato Case Study for more details.

PPO

Applied Plant Research, the Netherlands

PRI

Plant Research International, the Netherlands

RRes

Rothamsted Research, United Kingdom

SCS

System case studies

SSSUP

Scuola Superiore di Studi Universitari e di Perfezionamento S. Anna, Italy

SZIE

Szent Istvan University, Hungary

Transgenesis

See GMO .

UdL

Universitat de Lleida, Spain

WCCS

Winter crops-based cropping systems

WUR

Wageningen University, the Netherlands