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See also

    Glossary

    Inevitably when dealing with a complex subject, crop protection includes terms that may be unfamiliar and abbreviations that can be confusing at first glance. At ENDURE we try and explain these terms as we go along. Inevitably, though, sometimes you may find yourself puzzled by a word or acronym. That's where our A-Z guide can help:

    ACTA

    Association de Coordination Technique Agricole (extension service), France

    AGROS

    Agroscope Swiss Federal Research Station, Switzerland

    AU

    University of Aarhus, Denmark

    Biological control

    Controlling plants, diseases and animal pests using their natural enemies or, for example, inhibiting the reproduction of pests using methods that result in the laying of infertile eggs.

    CGIAR

    Consultative Group on International Agicultural Research. See www.cgiar.org for more details. You may come across the term CGIAR SP-IPM, which is shorthand for CGIAR's System-wide Programme on Integrated Pest Management.

    CIRAD

    Centre de coopération internationale en recherche pour le développement (Centre for Agricultural Research for Developing Countries)

    Cisgenesis

    Cisgenesis is the genetic modification of a recipient plant with a natural gene from a crossable (in other words sexually compatible) plant. Besides the technique of inserting the desired gene, it does not contain antibiotic resistance marker genes or strong promotors originating from unrelated organisms.

    CNR

    Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italy

    Crop Protection Network (CPN)

    Ensures links with scientists outside ENDURE, providing exchanges with permanent networks such as the IOBC and EWRS (see separate listings) and also ensures advances produced in other elevant EU projects are fully taken into account in ENDURE activities.

    Crop rotation

    The growing of different crops in succession on the same land.

    Cultivar resistance

    Using the resistance of a cultivar or variety to combat a pest. Improved cultivar resistance can be achieved using conventional breeding using crossing and selecting or using GMO techniques.

    DAAS

    Danish Agricultural Advisory Service

    DSS

    Decision support systems

    EAB

    ENDURE's External Advisory Board

    EC

    European Commission

    ECPA

    European Conference on Precision Agriculture

    ECPLF

    European Conference on Precision Livestock Farming

    EFITA

    European Federation for Information Technology in Agriculture, Food and the Environment

    EIC

    ENDURE Information Centre

    EWRS

    European Weed Research Society

    GMO (genetically modified organism)

    An organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. You may come across the terms transgenesis and cisgenesis (see above). These refer to the origin of the gene in question. Transgenesis uses a gene from an exogenous (unrelated) source while cisgenesis uses a gene from a crossable - sexually compatible - source.

    IBMA

    International Biocontrol Manufacturers Association

    ICM (Integrated Crop Management)

    Two useful definitions found in the UK may help clarify ICM. The Sustainable Development White Paper defines ICM thus: To provide an adequate supply of food and other products in an efficient manner. To minimise consumption of non-renewable and other resources. To safeguard the quality of soil, water and the air and to preserve, where feasible, biodiversity in the landscape . The British Agrochemical Association says: ICM is a method of farming that balances the requirements of running a profitable business with responsibility and sensitivity to the environment. It includes practices that avoid waste, enhance energy efficiency and minimise pollution. ICM combines the best of modern technology with some basic principles of good farming practice and is a whole-farm, long-term strategy .

    IHAR

    Plant Breeding and Acclimatisation Institute, Poland

    IITA

    International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. See www.iita.org for details.

    INRA

    Insitut National de la Recherche Agronomique (French National Instiute for Agricultural Research)

    IOBC

    International Organisation for Biological Control of Noxious Plants and Animals

    IP

    Intellectual Property

    IPM

    Integrated pest management (for a full explanation, see ENDURE's definition of IPM).

    IWM (Integrated Weed Management)

    IWM is a broad term covering many methods that can be combined and applied in various ways to constitute an IWM strategy. Essentially, IWM implies that weed control is not solely based on herbicides, but takes advantage of other non-chemical measures to control weeds. IWM mainly serves two purposes: to reduce herbicide inputs and to supplement herbicides that are insufficiently effective.

    JKI

    Julius Kühn Institute, Germany

    LCA

    Life cycle assessment

    LEI

    Agricultural Economic Research Institute, the Netherlands

    MBCS

    Maize-based cropping systems

    NARS

    National Agricultural Research System

    NoE

    Network of Excellence

    Pesticide

    A substance or mixture of substances used to kill a pest. Pests may include, among others, fungi (controlled with fungicides), weeds (controlled by herbicides) and insects (controlled by insecticides). Broad-spectrum pesticides are those that kill an array of species, while narrow-spectrum or selective pesticides kill only a small group of species.

    Phytophera infestans

    Late blight in potatoes (also affects tomatoes), the devastating disease largely responsible for the Irish potato famines of the 1840s. See ENDURE's Potato Case Study for more details.

    PPO

    Applied Plant Research, the Netherlands

    PRI

    Plant Research International, the Netherlands

    RRes

    Rothamsted Research, United Kingdom

    SCS

    System case studies

    SSSUP

    Scuola Superiore di Studi Universitari e di Perfezionamento S. Anna, Italy

    SZIE

    Szent Istvan University, Hungary

    Transgenesis

    See GMO .

    UdL

    Universitat de Lleida, Spain

    WCCS

    Winter crops-based cropping systems

    WUR

    Wageningen University, the Netherlands



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